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Global estimates of human trafficking range from 600,000 to four million victims each year with the majority being victims of sex trafficking. This strikingly large range belies the difficulty in gathering, defining, and accountability of sex-trafficking data. Victims of sex trafficking may be forced into pornography, prostitution for the military or militia, spousal prostitution, and prostitution for the sex-tourism industry. In response to the problem of sex trafficking, many nations have either misunderstood the definition or failed to comprehend the magnitude that have occurs within their borders. The United Nations has defined "human trafficking" as "the recruitment, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by threat or use of force." Similarly, the U.S. State Department's Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000 describes severe forms of trafficking as: (a) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or (b) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Chapter 1: Introduction: Defining Sex Trafficking Kimberly A. McCabe and Sabita Manian # Part I: Africa Kimberly A. McCabe and Sabita Manian * Chapter 2: Sex Trafficking in the Horn of Africa Sabita Manian * Chapter 3: Sex Trafficking in the Countries of South Africa, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe William J. Mathias and Kimberly A. McCabe # Part II: East Asia and Pacific Kimberly A. McCabe and Sabita Manian * Chapter 4: An Anatomy of Asian Gangs Involved in Sex Trafficking: An Application of Routine Activities Theory Nhatthien Q. Nguyen * Chapter 5: Taiwan's Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking Between 2001 and 2008 Yingyu Chen # Part III: Europe Kimberly A. McCabe and Sabita Manian * Chapter 6: Mercenary Territory: A UK Perspective on Human Trafficking Margaret Melrose * Chapter 7: Human Trafficking in Austria, Poland, and Croatia Karin Bruckmüller and Stefan Schumann # Part IV: Near East Kimberly A. McCabe and Sabita Manian * Chapter 8: The Wretched of the Earth: Trafficking, the Maghreb and Europe Sunita Manian * Chapter 9: Addicted to Cheap Labor: The Gulf States, the Near East, and Sex Trafficking Brian E. Crim # Part V: South Asia Kimberly A. McCabe and Sabita Manian * Chapter 10: Trafficking in India Arvind Verma * Chapter 11: Afghanistan and the Sex Trade Michael A. Bush # Part VI: Western Hemisphere Kimberly A. McCabe and Sabita Manian * Chapter 12: Sex Traffic and Trafficking in the Caribbean Brad Bullock * Chapter 13: Child Commercial Sexual Exploitation in Nicaragua: A Critical Globalization Perspective Mirna Carranza and Henry Parada # Part VII: North America Kimberly A. McCabe and Sabita Manian * Chapter 14: Sex Trafficking in the United States Kimberly A. McCabe * Chapter 15: Sex Trafficking in Canada: Limited Efforts in Law Enforcement James B. Grassano and T.A. Ryan * Chapter 16: Sex Trafficking and Mexico David H. Richards * Chapter 17: Conclusion: Anti-Trafficking Efforts Kimberly A. McCabe and Sabita Manian |